India formally signed the Pax Silica declaration at the India AI Impact Summit in New Delhi, joining a US-led coalition that is quietly redrawing the map of global technology power. Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw put pen to paper alongside US Ambassador Sergio Gor and US Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs Jacob Helberg—who flew into the capital specifically for the occasion—at a ceremony that carried weight well beyond the usual diplomatic handshake. The signing came on a day when New Delhi was already buzzing with some of the biggest names in global tech, including Google CEO Sundar Pichai, making it one of the most consequential moments in India’s AI diplomacy to date.
The move makes India the tenth full member of an alliance designed to build a trusted alternative to China’s grip on the minerals, chips, and infrastructure that will power the AI economy for decades. For a country that was pointedly left off the founding member list just two months ago, it is a sharp reversal—and a clear signal that Washington is now serious about anchoring New Delhi within its technology orbit.
So what exactly is Pax Silica?
Think of it as an economic security bloc built around the silicon supply chain. Launched at a summit in Washington on December 12, 2025, Pax Silica is a US-orchestrated coalition designed to build trusted, resilient supply chains for everything that powers the AI economy—from rare earth minerals dug out of the ground to the frontier AI models running in data centres.
The name itself is telling. “Pax” is Latin for peace and prosperity—the same root as Pax Americana or Pax Romana. “Silica” refers to silicon dioxide, the raw precursor to the semiconductor chips that make modern computing possible.
Put together, the message is clear: a stable, prosperous future depends on securing the silicon supply chain.
Under Secretary Helberg, the Trump administration’s point person on economic security, has called it “an economic security coalition built for the AI age.” The initiative covers the entire technology stack—from minerals and energy to chip fabrication, data centres, fibre-optic networks, and frontier AI models.
The founding members include Australia, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, the UK, Israel, the Netherlands, the UAE, Greece, and Qatar. Canada, the European Union, Taiwan, and the OECD participate as non-signatory partners.
Why it exists: The China problem
Pax Silica did not emerge in a vacuum. It is, in large part, a direct response to China’s stranglehold over critical minerals—particularly rare earth elements (REEs), which are essential to everything from EV motors to the magnets inside smartphones.
China currently produces roughly 270,000 tonnes of rare earths annually and controls an even larger share of global processing and refining. When US-China trade tensions flared last year, Beijing suspended REE exports—and India felt the impact directly. Indian automakers had to cut production and drop features because rare earth magnets simply stopped arriving. Supply was restored only after Indian companies agreed to stringent Chinese licensing conditions, including an undertaking that the imported magnets would not be used for defence purposes.
That episode illustrated, starkly, the cost of concentrated supply chains. The coalition’s stated aim is to reduce these dependencies by pooling the strengths of trusted partners—Australia’s mineral wealth, the Netherlands’ ASML lithography machines, South Korea’s memory chip expertise, and now India’s rare earth reserves and engineering depth.
Where India fits in—and what it stands to gain
India’s entry was not a given. When Pax Silica launched in December, India was conspicuously absent from the founding member list—a diplomatic omission that raised eyebrows here, especially given the otherwise warming tone of the bilateral relationship. The initial roster was largely made up of US treaty allies and high-income nations.
That changed after Gor arrived as the new US Ambassador and began actively courting New Delhi. The broad framework for a bilateral trade deal has since been agreed upon, and Friday’s signing is the most visible outcome of that renewed momentum.
So what does India bring to the table? Quite a bit. India holds an estimated 8.52 million tonnes of rare earth reserves—one of the largest deposits in the world—though domestic production remains well below potential.
The country has a rapidly growing semiconductor design ecosystem, with Qualcomm recently taping out a 2-nanometer chip design from its India centres. Vaishnaw noted that ten semiconductor fabrication plants are already established or under development in India, with the first set to begin commercial production soon.
In return, India stands to gain faster access to process know-how, advanced manufacturing equipment, and GPU infrastructure that has been in tight global supply.
Closer integration with coalition members like ASML and Micron could give India’s chip ambitions—currently strong on design, nascent on fabrication—a meaningful push forward. The move also aligns with India’s National Critical Mineral Mission and the India Semiconductor Mission, both underway.
The presence of
Google’s Sundar Pichai and OpenAI’s Sam Altman at the summit was itself a marker of how seriously the global tech industry now views India as a destination. Pax Silica membership could further lower friction for the kind of deep-tech investment India needs to close the gap.
“As Vaishnaw put it after signing: ‘The world trusts India.’ Pax Silica is, in part, a bet on exactly that.”
